electricity

This i from me Dhafer for everyone in 4Victorious:].This is the information about heat.I copied it from this website.this is the shortcut [] Electric" redirects here. For other uses, see [|Electric (disambiguation)]. [|Lightning] is one of the most dramatic effects of electricity. In general usage, the word "electricity" is adequate to refer to a number of physical effects. In scientific usage, however, the term is vague, and these related, but distinct, concepts are better identified by more precise terms: Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though advances in the science were not made until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Practical applications for electricity however remained few, and it would not be until the late nineteenth century that [|engineers] were able to put it to industrial and residential use. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society. Electricity's extraordinary versatility as a source of energy means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include [|transport], [|heating], [|lighting], [|communications], and [|computation]. The backbone of modern industrial society is, and for the foreseeable future can be expected to remain, the use of electrical power Main articles: [|History of electromagnetism] and [|History of electrical engineering]See also: [|Etymology of electricity] Long before any knowledge of electricity existed people were aware of shocks from [|electric fish]. [|Ancient Egyptian] texts dating from [|2750 BC] referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the [|Nile]", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. They were again reported millennia later by [|ancient Greek], [|Roman] and [|Arabic naturalists] and [|physicians].[|[2]] Several ancient writers, such as [|Pliny the Elder] and [|Scribonius Largus], attested to the numbing effect of [|electric shocks] delivered by [|catfish] and [|torpedo rays], and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects.[|[3]] Patients suffering from ailments such as [|gout] or [|headache] were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.[|[4]] Possibly the earliest and nearest approach to the discovery of the identity of [|lightning], and electricity from any other source, is to be attributed to the [|Arabs], who before the 15th century had the [|Arabic] word for lightning (//raad//) applied to the [|electric ray].[|[5]] That certain objects such as rods of [|amber] could be rubbed with cat's fur and attract light objects like feathers was known to ancient cultures around the [|Mediterranean]. [|Thales of Miletos] made a series of observations on [|static electricity] around 600 BC, from which he believed that friction rendered amber [|magnetic], in contrast to minerals such as [|magnetite], which needed no rubbing.[|[6]][|[7]] Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the [|Parthians] may have had knowledge of [|electroplating], based on the 1936 discovery of the [|Baghdad Battery], which resembles a [|galvanic cell], though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature.[|[8]] [|Benjamin Franklin] conducted extensive research on electricity in the 18th century Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English physician [|William Gilbert] made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the [|lodestone] effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber.[|[6]] He coined the [|New Latin] word //electricus// ("of amber" or "like amber", from //ήλεκτρον// [//elektron//], the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed.[|[9]] This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in [|Thomas Browne]'s //[|Pseudodoxia Epidemica]// of 1646.[|[10]] Further work was conducted by [|Otto von Guericke], [|Robert Boyle], [|Stephen Gray] and [|C. F. du Fay]. In the 18th century, [|Benjamin Franklin] conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky.[|[11]] A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of the hand showed that [|lightning] was indeed electrical in nature.[|[12]] [|Michael Faraday] formed the foundation of electric motor technology In 1791, [|Luigi Galvani] published his discovery of [|bioelectricity], demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which [|nerve cells] passed signals to the muscles.[|[13]] [|Alessandro Volta]'s battery, or [|voltaic pile], of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the [|electrostatic machines] previously used.[|[13]] The recognition of [|electromagnetism], the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to [|Hans Christian Ørsted] and [|André-Marie Ampère] in 1819-1820; [|Michael Faraday] invented the [|electric motor] in 1821, and [|Georg Ohm] mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827.[|[13]] While it had been the early 19th century that had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in [|electrical engineering]. Through such people as [|Nikola Tesla], [|Thomas Edison], [|Ottó Bláthy], [|Sir Charles Parsons], [|George Westinghouse], [|Ernst Werner von Siemens], [|Alexander Graham Bell] and [|Lord Kelvin], electricity was turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a driving force for the [|Second Industrial Revolution]
 * Electricity** (from the [|New Latin] //ēlectricus//, "amber-like" [|[a]] ) is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of [|electric charge]. These include many easily recognizable phenomena, such as [|lightning] and [|static electricity], but in addition, less familiar concepts, such as the [|electromagnetic field] and [|electromagnetic induction].
 * **[|Electric charge]** – a property of some [|subatomic particles], which determines their [|electromagnetic interactions]. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields.
 * **[|Electric current]** – a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in [|amperes].
 * **[|Electric field]** – an influence produced by an electric charge on other charges in its vicinity.
 * **[|Electric potential]** – the capacity of an electric field to do [|work] on an [|electric charge], typically measured in [|volts].
 * **[|Electromagnetism]** – a [|fundamental interaction] between the magnetic field and the presence and motion of an electric charge.